| thiamin |
vitamin B1 |
component of a coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism; supports normal nerve function |
impairment of the nerves and heart muscle wasting |
| riboflavin |
vitamin B2 |
component of coenzymes required for energy production and lipid, vitamin, mineral, and drug metabolism; antioxidant |
inflammation of the skin, tongue, and lips; ocular disturbances; nervous symptoms |
| niacin |
nicotinic acid, nicotinamide |
component of coenzymes used broadly in cellular metabolism, oxidation of fuel molecules, and fatty acid and steroid synthesis |
skin lesions, gastrointestinal disturbances, nervous symptoms |
| vitamin B6 |
pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine |
component of coenzymes in metabolism of amino acids and other nitrogen-containing compounds; synthesis of hemoglobin, neurotransmitters; regulation of blood glucose levels |
dermatitis, mental depression, confusion, convulsions, anemia |
| folic acid |
folate, folacin, pteroylglutamic acid |
component of coenzymes in DNA synthesis, metabolism of amino acids; required for cell division, maturation of red blood cells |
impaired formation of red blood cells, weakness, irritability, headache, palpitations, inflammation of mouth, neural tube defects in fetus |
| vitamin B12 |
cobalamin, cyanocobalamin |
cofactor for enzymes in metabolism of amino acids (including folic acid) and fatty acids; required for new cell synthesis, normal blood formation, and neurological function |
smoothness of the tongue, gastrointestinal disturbances, nervous symptoms |
| pantothenic acid |
|
as component of coenzyme A, essential for metabolism of carbohydrate, protein, and fat; cofactor for elongation of fatty acids |
weakness, gastrointestinal disturbances, nervous symptoms, fatigue, sleep disturbances, restlessness, nausea |
| biotin |
|
cofactor in carbohydrate, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolism |
dermatitis, hair loss, conjunctivitis, neurological symptoms |
| vitamin C |
ascorbic acid |
antioxidant; synthesis of collagen, carnitine, amino acids, and hormones; immune function; enhances absorption of non-heme iron (from plant foods) |
swollen and bleeding gums, soreness and stiffness of the joints and lower extremities, bleeding under the skin and in deep tissues, slow wound healing, anemia |
| vitamin A |
retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, beta-carotene (plant version) |
normal vision, integrity of epithelial cells (mucous membranes and skin), reproduction, embryonic development, growth, immune response |
ocular disturbances leading to blindness, growth retardation, dry skin, diarrhea, vulnerability to infection |
| vitamin D |
calciferol, calatriol (1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D1 or vitamin D hormone), cholecalciferol (D3; plant version), ergocalciferol (D2; animal version) |
maintenance of blood calcium and phosphorus levels, proper mineralization of bones |
defective bone growth in children, soft bones in adults |
| vitamin E |
alpha-tocopherol, tocopherol, tocotrienol |
antioxidant; interruption of free radical chain reactions; protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids, cell membranes |
peripheral neuropathy, breakdown of red blood cells |
| vitamin K |
phylloquinone, menaquinone, menadione, naphthoquinone |
synthesis of proteins involved in blood coagulation and bone metabolism |
impaired clotting of the blood and internal bleeding |
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